This article aims to review the risk factors associated with kidney stones focusing on calcium and oxalate. Stones in the urinary tract are a common condition. It is a significant public health problem for the country and is on an upward trend in all regions of the world. There are many reasons and a variety of factors that increase the incidence of kidney stones. This article is a compilation of reasons and causes of kidney stones and factors that can increase the risk of producing them. For instance, some vegetables, fruit and other foods containing oxalate can cause kidney stones in some cases. The intake of calcium supplements and the effect it has on promoting the development of stones is reviewed. The article looks at the incidence of stones, both in Thailand and in other regions. The article aims to provide a guide to actions that may prevent and/or reduce the risk of kidney stones, and to provide basic information on health promotion campaigns to prevent further stones.